红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋营养成分分析

[目的]探究龟蛋的营养价值,为其开发利用提供科学依据.[方法]以同一产蛋时间(3~5d)的红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋各200枚为试验材料,分别分离蛋清和蛋黄,搅拌均匀,取样检测2种龟蛋的基本营养成分、胆固醇含量、氨基酸组成及脂肪酸含量与组成.[结果]红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋的径长分别为3.08和3.81 cm,径宽分别为2.30和2.37 cm,蛋重分别为10.73和10.26 g/枚,差异均不显著(P>0.05,下同).红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋蛋清水分含量分别为96.69%和97.42%,灰分含量分别为0.36%和0.49%,粗蛋白含量分别为1.98%和1.59%,粗脂肪含量分别为0.85%和0.54%,差异均不显著;蛋黄水分含量分别为56.27%和55.16%,灰分含量分别为2.45%和3.08%,粗蛋白含量分别为25.89%和26.62%,粗脂肪含量分别为15.70%和13.99%,其中灰分和粗脂肪含量差异显著(P<0.05,下同).2种龟蛋的蛋清和蛋黄均检测出17种水解氨基酸,其中谷氨酸含量最高.红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋蛋清中氨基酸总量分别为42.27和42.64 g/100 g,必需氨基酸总量分别为14.95和14.92 g/100 g,呈味氨基酸总量分别为16.16和16.27 g/100 g,差异均不显著;蛋黄中氨基酸总量分别为47.46和50.76 g/100 g,必需氨基酸总量分别为16.85和17.90 g/100 g,呈味氨基酸总量分别为17.98和19.02 g/100 g,其中氨基酸总量差异显著.红耳龟蛋蛋黄和蛋清及中华花龟蛋蛋黄的第一限制氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸,中华花龟蛋蛋清的第一限制氨基酸为缬氨酸.2种龟蛋蛋黄中均检测出饱和脂肪酸8种,不饱和脂肪酸11种,红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋蛋黄中饱和脂肪酸含量分别为38.65%和35.46%,不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为58.19%和60.63%,差异均不显著.其中,饱和脂肪酸均以十五烷酸含量最高,硬脂酸次之;不饱和脂肪酸均以十七碳烯酸甲酯含量最高,银杏酸次之.2种龟蛋蛋黄胆固醇含量分别为9.83和11.14 mg/g,差异不显著.[结论]红耳龟蛋和中华花龟蛋营养价值差异小,均是高蛋白低脂肪、富含氨基酸、低胆固醇的高营养价值蛋类食品,值得开发利用.     

The M43 domain-containing metalloprotease RcMEP1 in Rhizoctonia cerealis is a pathogenicity factor during the fungus infection to wheat

Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop for global human. The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal pathogen of sharp eyespot, a devastating disease of wheat. Herein, we identified RcMEP1, a zinc metalloproteaseencoding gene from R. cerealis genomic sequences, and characterized its pathogenesis function. RcMEP1 expressed at markedly-high levels during R. cerealis infection process to wheat. The predicted protein RcMEP1 comprises of 287 amino acid residues and contains a signal peptide and a M43 metalloprotease domain harboring the active site motif(HEVGHWLGLYH). The assays of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that RcMEP1 is an apoplastic elicitor of cell death, and that the predicted signal peptide functions and is required for secretion and cell death-induction. The purified RcMEP1 protein and its M43 domain peptide were individually able to induce plant cell death and H2 O2 accumulation, and to inhibit expression of host chitinases when infiltrated into wheat and N. benthamiana leaves, while the M43 domain-deleting peptide and negative control lacked the capacity. Moreover, compared with the control pretreatment, the purified RcMEP1 protein or its M43-domain peptide resulted in enhanced pathogenesis in the inoculated wheat, whereas the M43 domain-deleting peptide failed. These results suggest that RcMEP1 acted as an important pathogenicity factor during R. cerealis infection to wheat and that its signal peptide and M43 domain are required for the secretion and pathogenesis of RcMEP1. This study provides insights into pathogenesis role of M43 domain-containing metalloproteases during R. cerealis infection to wheat.     

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study, which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design, and fed the normal control and Ca- or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age. At 22 days of age, the broilers were further fed the normal control diet (0.90% Ca+0.35% non-phytate P (NPP)), the P-deficient diet (0.90% Ca+0.18% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.35% NPP) or the Ca and P-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.18% NPP), respectively. The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased (P<0.05) tibia bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), ash content, tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42, but increased (P<0.05) tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group. Furthermore, the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest (P<0.05) tibia BMD, BBS, ash content, serum P content and the highest (P<0.05) serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets. The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency; dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.     

杂交技术培育金针菇尿嘧啶营养缺陷型双核体菌株

为培育金针菇尿嘧啶营养缺陷型双核体菌株,将金针菇尿嘧啶营养缺陷型单核体菌株NG1-65、NG1-92和NG1-95(A1B1)分别与可亲和的野生型单核菌株DG1-29(A2B2)杂交得到3株杂交菌株SGN1、SGN2和SGN3,通过栽培试验获得这3株双核体菌株的子实体,收集孢子后通过涂布于选择培养基和镜检获得206株尿嘧啶营养缺陷型单核体菌株,从中随机选取30株单核体菌株,通过单单杂交得到38株尿嘧啶营养缺陷型双核体菌株。结果表明,这些尿嘧啶营养缺陷型双核体菌株在不含尿嘧啶添加物的基本培养基中无法正常生长,在PDA培养基上生长速率低于野生型菌株,在添加尿嘧啶的PDAU培养基上可以不同程度地恢复正常生长。本研究结果为进一步利用营养缺陷型菌株开展金针菇杂交育种、菌种保护等方面研究提供了一定的技术支撑。     

玉米主要株型性状与产量的全基因组关联分析

为了深入剖析玉米的株型性状和产量性状的遗传基础及其相关关系,本研究以204份玉米自交系作为关联群体,利用分布于玉米全基因组上的558 529个单核苷酸多态性标记(SNPs)对5个相关性状进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,供试自交系各性状基本呈正态分布,且各性状间存在丰富的变异,变异系数在9.00%~50.00%之间;通过相关性分析和热图层次聚类分析株型和产量相关性状间彼此紧密关联;且由主成分分析筛选出总体方差累计贡献率达到71.667%的主成分2个;以P≤1×10^-5为显著阙值,利用Q+K模型对供试材料的5个相关性状进行全基因组关联分析,在株高、穗位高和单穗重间共检测到13个显著的SNP位点,分别分布于玉米的第3、第5、第6、第7号染色体上,而在总叶片数和穗上叶数间未检测到显著的SNP位点;在显著SNP上下游各50 kb范围共搜索到39个相关候选基因,其中有注释的基因12个,并对株高与穗位高最佳候选基因进行了预测。本研究通过对玉米株型及产量相关性状进行全基因组关联分析,为后期基因功能的验证与新功能的开发奠定了良好的基础。     

鳖甲胶原蛋白酶解物的分离纯化及体外抗氧化性研究

为建立中华鳖背甲中胶原蛋白酶解物(CH)的制备条件,并明确其体外抗氧化活性,本研究采用单因素试验探讨鳖甲胶原蛋白酶解物的分离条件。结果表明,其最佳提取工艺参数:胃蛋白酶添加量 4 000 U·g^-1、pH值2.5、酶解温度35℃。通过透析纯化后获得体外抗氧化活性最好的组分为分子量<50 kDa的样品。该样品经Sephadex G-75凝胶色谱分离纯化得到2个组分,其中GP-2组分对O2-·、OH·和DPPH·3种自由基清除能力最强;之后对GP-2组分进行离子交换层析分离同样获得2个组分,其中P1组分体外抗氧化活性高于GP-2,其对DPPH·、OH·、O2-·清除率分别为81.67%、65.45%和6.78%。经SDS-PAGE电泳确定P1组分的分子量约40 kDa。本研究结果为鳖甲的开发利用及鳖源新型抗氧化物质的研发提供了一定的理论基础。     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

施用小麦秸秆或其生物炭对烟田土壤理化特性及有机碳组分的影响

  【目的】  以2年田间定位试验为依托，研究小麦秸秆及其生物炭连续施用对植烟土壤理化性状和有机碳组分的影响，为烟区土壤质量提升提供依据。  【方法】  田间试验在山东省诸城市潮褐土烟田上进行。试验设4个处理，分别为:常规施肥且秸秆不还田(CK)，常规施肥+小麦秸秆还田(FS)，常规施肥+小麦秸秆生物炭2.25 t/hm2 (FB1)和4.50 t/hm2 (FB2)。在烟叶收获后，采集0—20 cm耕层土样，测定了土壤基础理化指标和总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWC)、活性有机碳(LOC)及轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量，并计算土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)。  【结果】  连续施用小麦秸秆或其生物炭2年后，FB1和FB2处理TOC含量显著高于CK，增幅分别为74.9%和116.0%，而FS与CK处理间差异不显著。LFOC含量的变化趋势与TOC类似，FB1和FB2处理LFOC含量分别较CK处理显著增加154%和326%。FS处理HWC含量显著高于CK和FB1处理，而与FB2处理差异不显著。与CK相比，FS处理HWC含量增加了107%。FS和FB2处理MBC含量较CK分别增加了252%和144%，而FB1处理与CK相比差异不显著。FS处理LOC含量较CK显著增加了68.9%，而FB1、FB2处理LOC含量与CK相比差异不显著。FS处理还能显著降低土壤容重、增加土壤含水量及有效磷含量，其对部分土壤理化特性的改良效果优于生物炭处理(FB1和FB2)。此外，CPMI也以FS处理最高，较CK显著增加了73.5%，而FB1、FB2处理与CK处理差异不显著。  【结论】  连续秸秆还田有利于提升烟田土壤活性有机碳(MBC、HWC和LOC)含量，降低土壤容重，提高有效磷含量，提高土壤CPMI。而同量秸秆转化为生物炭后连续还田能够提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳含量，更有利于土壤有机碳的长期固存。     

基于实地和遥感调查的离子型轻稀土尾砂土壤侵蚀对植被修复措施响应

稀土开采产生大量尾砂,导致严重土壤侵蚀,伴生水质和地质灾害,评价植被修复措施对稀土尾砂土壤侵蚀治理效果可为措施优选提供理论依据。以寻乌县离子型轻稀土尾砂区为研究区,基于1982—2015年GIMMS NDVI 3 g、DEM等遥感和尾砂理化性状现场调查数据,采用空间代时间方法,结合RUSLE模型及其全微分公式探究不同修复年限土壤侵蚀量对植被修复措施的响应机理。结果表明:1982—2015年研究区土壤侵蚀模数显著下降,倾向率为-60 t/(km~2·10a),突变年份为2008年;在植被修复措施实施年(2008年)前后,多年平均土壤侵蚀量减幅超过60%;土壤侵蚀模数呈现上升、平稳、上升、平稳、上升和下降的阶段性变化,与NDVI时程变化呈负相关;水土保持措施、植被覆盖、土壤可蚀性和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀量减小的贡献率分别为33.18%,32.19%,19.95%,13.19%。植被修复过程中,矿区土壤侵蚀量减少的主要影响因子为水土保持措施因子和植被覆盖因子。